# 利用pytorch实现GAN(生成对抗网络)-MNIST图像-cs231n-assignment3

In 2014, Goodfellow et al. presented a method for training generative models called Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs for short). In a GAN, we build two different neural networks. Our first network is a traditional classification network, called the discriminator. We will train the discriminator to take images, and classify them as being real (belonging to the training set) or fake (not present in the training set). Our other network, called the generator, will take random noise as input and transform it using a neural network to produce images. The goal of the generator is to fool the discriminator into thinking the images it produced are real.

We can think of this back and forth process of the generator () trying to fool the discriminator (), and the discriminator trying to correctly classify real vs. fake as a minimax game:

where are the random noise samples, are the generated images using the neural network generator , and is the output of the discriminator, specifying the probability of an input being real. In Goodfellow et al., they analyze this minimax game and show how it relates to minimizing the Jensen-Shannon divergence between the training data distribution and the generated samples from .

To optimize this minimax game, we will alternate between taking gradient descent steps on the objective for , and gradient ascent steps on the objective for :
1. update the generator () to minimize the probability of the discriminator making the correct choice.
2. update the discriminator () to maximize the probability of the discriminator making the correct choice.

While these updates are useful for analysis, they do not perform well in practice. Instead, we will use a different objective when we update the generator: maximize the probability of the discriminator making the incorrect choice. This small change helps to allevaiate problems with the generator gradient vanishing when the discriminator is confident. This is the standard update used in most GAN papers, and was used in the original paper from Goodfellow et al..

In this assignment, we will alternate the following updates:

1. Update the generator () to maximize the probability of the discriminator making the incorrect choice on generated data:

2. Update the discriminator (), to maximize the probability of the discriminator making the correct choice on real and generated data:

### What else is there?

Since 2014, GANs have exploded into a huge research area, with massive workshops, and hundreds of new papers. Compared to other approaches for generative models, they often produce the highest quality samples but are some of the most difficult and finicky models to train (see this github repo that contains a set of 17 hacks that are useful for getting models working). Improving the stabiilty and robustness of GAN training is an open research question, with new papers coming out every day! For a more recent tutorial on GANs, see here. There is also some even more recent exciting work that changes the objective function to Wasserstein distance and yields much more stable results across model architectures: WGAN, WGAN-GP.

GANs are not the only way to train a generative model! For other approaches to generative modeling check out the deep generative model chapter of the Deep Learning book. Another popular way of training neural networks as generative models is Variational Autoencoders (co-discovered here and here). Variatonal autoencoders combine neural networks with variationl inference to train deep generative models. These models tend to be far more stable and easier to train but currently don’t produce samples that are as pretty as GANs.

Here’s an example of what your outputs from the 3 different models you’re going to train should look like… note that GANs are sometimes finicky, so your outputs might not look exactly like this… this is just meant to be a rough guideline of the kind of quality you can expect:

## 程序讲解：

### 1、加载所需要的模块和库，设定展示图片函数以及其他对图像预处理函数

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.nn import init
import torchvision
import torchvision.transforms as T
import torch.optim as optim
from torch.utils.data import sampler
import torchvision.datasets as dset

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.gridspec as gridspec

%matplotlib inline
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (10.0, 8.0) # set default size of plots
plt.rcParams['image.interpolation'] = 'nearest'
plt.rcParams['image.cmap'] = 'gray'

def show_images(images):
images = np.reshape(images, [images.shape[0], -1])  # images reshape to (batch_size, D)
sqrtn = int(np.ceil(np.sqrt(images.shape[0])))
sqrtimg = int(np.ceil(np.sqrt(images.shape[1])))

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(sqrtn, sqrtn))
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(sqrtn, sqrtn)
gs.update(wspace=0.05, hspace=0.05)

for i, img in enumerate(images):
ax = plt.subplot(gs[i])
plt.axis('off')
ax.set_xticklabels([])
ax.set_yticklabels([])
ax.set_aspect('equal')
plt.imshow(img.reshape([sqrtimg,sqrtimg]))
return

def preprocess_img(x):
return 2 * x - 1.0

def deprocess_img(x):
return (x + 1.0) / 2.0

def rel_error(x,y):
return np.max(np.abs(x - y) / (np.maximum(1e-8, np.abs(x) + np.abs(y))))

def count_params(model):
"""Count the number of parameters in the current TensorFlow graph """
param_count = np.sum([np.prod(p.size()) for p in model.parameters()])
return param_count



### 采用的数据集

# 采样函数为自己定义的序列采样（即按顺序采样）
class ChunkSampler(sampler.Sampler):
"""Samples elements sequentially from some offset.
Arguments:
num_samples: # of desired datapoints
start: offset where we should start selecting from
"""
def __init__(self, num_samples, start=0):
self.num_samples = num_samples
self.start = start

def __iter__(self):
return iter(range(self.start, self.start + self.num_samples))

def __len__(self):
return self.num_samples

NUM_TRAIN = 50000   # 训练集数量
NUM_VAL = 5000      # 测试集数量

NOISE_DIM = 96
batch_size = 128

transform=T.ToTensor())
sampler=ChunkSampler(NUM_TRAIN, 0)) # 从0位置开始采样NUM_TRAIN个数

transform=T.ToTensor())
sampler=ChunkSampler(NUM_VAL, NUM_TRAIN)) # 从NUM_TRAIN位置开始采样NUM_VAL个数

show_images(imgs)


### Random Noise

Generate uniform noise from -1 to 1 with shape [batch_size, dim].

def sample_noise(batch_size, dim):
"""
Generate a PyTorch Tensor of uniform random noise.

Input:
- batch_size: Integer giving the batch size of noise to generate.
- dim: Integer giving the dimension of noise to generate.

Output:
- A PyTorch Tensor of shape (batch_size, dim) containing uniform
random noise in the range (-1, 1).
"""
temp = torch.rand(batch_size, dim) + torch.rand(batch_size, dim)*(-1)

return temp


###接下来定义平铺函数和反平铺函数，用于对图像中数据的处理

class Flatten(nn.Module):
def forward(self, x):
N, C, H, W = x.size() # read in N, C, H, W
return x.view(N, -1)  # "flatten" the C * H * W values into a single vector per image

class Unflatten(nn.Module):
"""
An Unflatten module receives an input of shape (N, C*H*W) and reshapes it
to produce an output of shape (N, C, H, W).
"""
def __init__(self, N=-1, C=128, H=7, W=7):
super(Unflatten, self).__init__()
self.N = N
self.C = C
self.H = H
self.W = W
def forward(self, x):
return x.view(self.N, self.C, self.H, self.W)

def initialize_weights(m):
if isinstance(m, nn.Linear) or isinstance(m, nn.ConvTranspose2d):
init.xavier_uniform(m.weight.data)


### 前期工作准备好了，开始写discriminator函数：

discriminator神经网络即去判断generator产生的图像是否为假，同时判断正确的图像是否为真，包含的网络层为：

Fully connected layer from size 784 to 256
LeakyReLU with alpha 0.01
Fully connected layer from 256 to 256
LeakyReLU with alpha 0.01
Fully connected layer from 256 to 1

def discriminator():
"""
Build and return a PyTorch model implementing the architecture above.
"""
model = nn.Sequential(
Flatten(),
nn.Linear(784,256),
nn.LeakyReLU(0.01, inplace=True),
nn.Linear(256,256),
nn.LeakyReLU(0.01, inplace=True),
nn.Linear(256,1)
)
return model


### Generator

Fully connected layer from noise_dim to 1024
ReLU
Fully connected layer with size 1024
ReLU
Fully connected layer with size 784
TanH（To clip the image to be [-1,1]）

def generator(noise_dim=NOISE_DIM):
"""
Build and return a PyTorch model implementing the architecture above.
"""
model = nn.Sequential(
nn.Linear(noise_dim, 1024),
nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
nn.Linear(1024, 1024),
nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
nn.Linear(1024, 784),
nn.Tanh(),
)
return model


### GAN Loss

Compute the generator and discriminator loss. The generator loss is:

and the discriminator loss is:

Note that these are negated from the equations presented earlier as we will be minimizing these losses.

HINTS: You should use the bce_loss function defined below to compute the binary cross entropy loss which is needed to compute the log probability of the true label given the logits output from the discriminator. Given a score and a label , the binary cross entropy loss is

A naive implementation of this formula can be numerically unstable, so we have provided a numerically stable implementation for you below.

You will also need to compute labels corresponding to real or fake and use the logit arguments to determine their size. Make sure you cast these labels to the correct data type using the global dtype variable, for example:

true_labels = Variable(torch.ones(size)).type(dtype)

Instead of computing the expectation, we will be averaging over elements of the minibatch, so make sure to combine the loss by averaging instead of summing.

Bce_loss = nn.BCEWithLogitsLoss()


def discriminator_loss(logits_real, logits_fake):
"""
Computes the discriminator loss described above.

Inputs:
- logits_real: PyTorch Variable of shape (N,) giving scores for the real data.
- logits_fake: PyTorch Variable of shape (N,) giving scores for the fake data.

Returns:
- loss: PyTorch Variable containing (scalar) the loss for the discriminator.
"""
loss = None
# Batch size.
N = logits_real.size()

# 目标label，全部设置为1意味着判别器需要做到的是将正确的全识别为正确，错误的全识别为错误
true_labels = Variable(torch.ones(N)).type(dtype)

real_image_loss = Bce_loss(logits_real, true_labels) # 识别正确的为正确
fake_image_loss = bce_loss(logits_fake, 1 - true_labels) # 识别错误的为错误

loss = real_image_loss + fake_image_loss

return loss

def generator_loss(logits_fake):
"""
Computes the generator loss described above.

Inputs:
- logits_fake: PyTorch Variable of shape (N,) giving scores for the fake data.

Returns:
- loss: PyTorch Variable containing the (scalar) loss for the generator.
"""
# Batch size.
N = logits_fake.size()

# 生成器的作用是将所有“假”的向真的（1）靠拢
true_labels = Variable(torch.ones(N)).type(dtype)

# 计算生成器损失
loss = Bce_loss(logits_fake, true_labels)

return loss


### Optimizing our loss 对损失进行优化

def get_optimizer(model):
"""
Construct and return an Adam optimizer for the model with learning rate 1e-3,
beta1=0.5, and beta2=0.999.

Input:
- model: A PyTorch model that we want to optimize.

Returns:
- An Adam optimizer for the model with the desired hyperparameters.
"""
optimizer = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.001, betas=(0.5, 0.999))
return optimizer


### 定义训练函数

def run_a_gan(D, G, D_solver, G_solver, discriminator_loss, generator_loss, show_every=250,
batch_size=128, noise_size=96, num_epochs=10):
"""
Train a GAN!

Inputs:
- D, G: pytorch模块，分别为判别器和生成器
- D_solver, G_solver: torch.optim Optimizers to use for training the
discriminator and generator.
- discriminator_loss, generator_loss: Functions to use for computing the generator and
discriminator loss, respectively.
- show_every: Show samples after every show_every iterations.
- batch_size: Batch size to use for training.
- noise_size: Dimension of the noise to use as input to the generator.
- num_epochs: Number of epochs over the training dataset to use for training.
"""
iter_count = 0
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
if len(x) != batch_size:
continue
real_data = Variable(x).type(dtype)
logits_real = D(2* (real_data - 0.5)).type(dtype)

g_fake_seed = Variable(sample_noise(batch_size, noise_size)).type(dtype)
fake_images = G(g_fake_seed).detach()
logits_fake = D(fake_images.view(batch_size, 1, 28, 28))

d_total_error = discriminator_loss(logits_real, logits_fake)
d_total_error.backward()
D_solver.step()

g_fake_seed = Variable(sample_noise(batch_size, noise_size)).type(dtype)
fake_images = G(g_fake_seed)

gen_logits_fake = D(fake_images.view(batch_size, 1, 28, 28))
g_error = generator_loss(gen_logits_fake)
g_error.backward()
G_solver.step()

if (iter_count % show_every == 0):
print('Iter: {}, D: {:.4}, G:{:.4}'.format(iter_count,d_total_error.data[0],g_error.data[0]))
imgs_numpy = fake_images.data.cpu().numpy()
show_images(imgs_numpy[0:16])
plt.show()
print()
iter_count += 1


# Make the discriminator
D = discriminator().type(dtype)

# Make the generator
G = generator().type(dtype)

# Use the function you wrote earlier to get optimizers for the Discriminator and the Generator
D_solver = get_optimizer(D)
G_solver = get_optimizer(G)
# Run it!
run_a_gan(D, G, D_solver, G_solver, discriminator_loss, generator_loss)


# Least Squares GAN

We’ll now look at Least Squares GAN, a newer, more stable alernative to the original GAN loss function. For this part, all we have to do is change the loss function and retrain the model. We’ll implement equation (9) in the paper, with the generator loss:

and the discriminator loss:

HINTS: Instead of computing the expectation, we will be averaging over elements of the minibatch, so make sure to combine the loss by averaging instead of summing. When plugging in for and use the direct output from the discriminator (scores_real and scores_fake).

def ls_discriminator_loss(scores_real, scores_fake):
"""
Compute the Least-Squares GAN loss for the discriminator.

Inputs:
- scores_real: PyTorch Variable of shape (N,) giving scores for the real data.
- scores_fake: PyTorch Variable of shape (N,) giving scores for the fake data.

Outputs:
- loss: A PyTorch Variable containing the loss.
"""
N = scores_real.size()
#     print(N)

true_labels = Variable(torch.ones(N)).type(dtype)

fake_image_loss = (torch.mean((scores_real - true_labels)**2))
real_image_loss = (torch.mean((scores_fake)**2))

loss = 0.5*fake_image_loss + 0.5*real_image_loss

return loss

def ls_generator_loss(scores_fake):
"""
Computes the Least-Squares GAN loss for the generator.

Inputs:
- scores_fake: PyTorch Variable of shape (N,) giving scores for the fake data.

Outputs:
- loss: A PyTorch Variable containing the loss.
"""
N = scores_fake.size()

true_labels = Variable(torch.ones(N)).type(dtype)

loss = 0.5 * ((torch.mean((scores_fake - true_labels)**2)))

return loss


D_LS = discriminator().type(dtype)
G_LS = generator().type(dtype)

D_LS_solver = get_optimizer(D_LS)
G_LS_solver = get_optimizer(G_LS)

run_a_gan(D_LS, G_LS, D_LS_solver, G_LS_solver, ls_discriminator_loss, ls_generator_loss)


# Deeply Convolutional GANs

In the first part of the notebook, we implemented an almost direct copy of the original GAN network from Ian Goodfellow. However, this network architecture allows no real spatial reasoning. It is unable to reason about things like “sharp edges” in general because it lacks any convolutional layers. Thus, in this section, we will implement some of the ideas from DCGAN, where we use convolutional networks

#### Discriminator

We will use a discriminator inspired by the TensorFlow MNIST classification tutorial, which is able to get above 99% accuracy on the MNIST dataset fairly quickly.
* Reshape into image tensor (Use Unflatten!)
* 32 Filters, 5×5, Stride 1, Leaky ReLU(alpha=0.01)
* Max Pool 2×2, Stride 2
* 64 Filters, 5×5, Stride 1, Leaky ReLU(alpha=0.01)
* Max Pool 2×2, Stride 2
* Flatten
* Fully Connected size 4 x 4 x 64, Leaky ReLU(alpha=0.01)
* Fully Connected size 1

#### Generator

For the generator, we will copy the architecture exactly from the InfoGAN paper. See Appendix C.1 MNIST. See the documentation for tf.nn.conv2d_transpose. We are always “training” in GAN mode.
* Fully connected of size 1024, ReLU
* BatchNorm
* Fully connected of size 7 x 7 x 128, ReLU
* BatchNorm
* Reshape into Image Tensor
* 64 conv2d^T filters of 4×4, stride 2, ‘same’ padding, ReLU
* BatchNorm
* 1 conv2d^T filter of 4×4, stride 2, ‘same’ padding, TanH
* Should have a 28x28x1 image, reshape back into 784 vector

def build_dc_classifier():
"""
Build and return a PyTorch model for the DCGAN discriminator implementing
the architecture above.
"""
return nn.Sequential(
Unflatten(batch_size, 1, 28, 28),
nn.Conv2d(1, 32,kernel_size=5, stride=1),
nn.LeakyReLU(negative_slope=0.01),
nn.MaxPool2d(2, stride=2),
nn.Conv2d(32, 64,kernel_size=5, stride=1),
nn.LeakyReLU(negative_slope=0.01),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2),
Flatten(),
nn.Linear(4*4*64, 4*4*64),
nn.LeakyReLU(negative_slope=0.01),
nn.Linear(4*4*64,1)
)

b = build_dc_classifier().type(dtype)
out = b(data)
print(out.size())

def build_dc_generator(noise_dim=NOISE_DIM):
"""
Build and return a PyTorch model implementing the DCGAN generator using
the architecture described above.
"""
return nn.Sequential(
nn.Linear(noise_dim, 1024),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.BatchNorm2d(1024),
nn.Linear(1024, 7*7*128),
nn.BatchNorm2d(7*7*128),
Unflatten(batch_size, 128, 7, 7),
nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
nn.BatchNorm2d(num_features=64),
nn.Tanh(),
Flatten(),
)

test_g_gan = build_dc_generator().type(dtype)
test_g_gan.apply(initialize_weights)

fake_seed = Variable(torch.randn(batch_size, NOISE_DIM)).type(dtype)
fake_images = test_g_gan.forward(fake_seed)
fake_images.size()

D_DC = build_dc_classifier().type(dtype)
D_DC.apply(initialize_weights)
G_DC = build_dc_generator().type(dtype)
G_DC.apply(initialize_weights)

D_DC_solver = get_optimizer(D_DC)
G_DC_solver = get_optimizer(G_DC)

run_a_gan(D_DC, G_DC, D_DC_solver, G_DC_solver, discriminator_loss, generator_loss, num_epochs=5)


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